CHAPTER-9
62. An adjective is a word used to qualify(or to add something to the meaning) of a Noun;as,
>) A beautiful girl.
>) This woman.
>) My pen.
>) Some bread.
>) Four boys.
63. Look at the following sentences:---
1. Raman was a brave boy.
2. Raman is brave.
*) In sentence 1, the Adjective brave comes immediately before the Noun it limits.
it is used as an epithet or attribute.It is ,therefore ,said to be used Attributively.
*) In sentence 2, the Adjective brave is used along with the Verb is and form part of the Predicate.
It is,therefore, said to be used Predicatively.
NOTE:--(1) Some Adjectives can be used only Predicatively;as,
>) She is quite well.
>) She is afraid of her mother-in-law.
(2) Adjectives are sometimes used Adverbially;as,
>) Do not talk so loud[=loudly]
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
*) Adjectives are of the following kinds:--
64. Adjectives of Quality (or Descriptive,Adjectives) qualify or describe an object by telling us
of what quality,of what sort,or in what state the object is.
>) Afzal is a lazy boy.
>) He is a good man.
>) He has a black horse.
>) It was a golden opportunity.
>) The English Language is difficult to learn
>) I like the Turkish tobacco.
NOTE:--(1) Sometimes such Adjectives as English,Turkish,etc., which are formed from Proper Nouns are called Proper Adjectives.
(2). Adjectives of Quality answer the question:'Of what kind?'
65. Adjectives of Quantity qualify a Noun by showing the quantity of the thing names.They tell
us how much of a thing is intended.
>) He ate some rice.
>) He did not drink much milk.
>) He ate little bread.
>) HE has enough(or sufficient) bread.
>) He did not eat any bread.
>) He walked all the way(or the whole way) back.
>) Half a loaf is better than no bread.
>) He takes great care of his health.
NOTE:--Adjectives of Quantity answer the question:'How much?'
66. Adjectives of Number(or Numeral Adjectives) denote the number of persons or things named.
They show how many or in what order persons or things are taken.
>) A week has seven days.
>) Few boys like to work hard.
>) Many people think so.
>) All men must one day die.
>) Here are some pictures of you.
>) Most boys like to go to the cinema.
>) I warned him several times.
>) January is the first month os the year.
NOTE:--Adjectives of Number answer the question:'How many?' or"In what order?'
67. Adjectives of Number(or Numeral Adjectives) are sub-divided into two main clauses:--
1.Definite. 2.Indefinite.
(1) Definite Numeral Adjectives denote some exact number.Those which show how manythings
there are,are called Cardinals;as,
>) One,two,three,four,five,six,seven,etc.
*) Those which show in what order a thing stands are called Ordinals;as,
>) First,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,etc.
(2) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives denote number of some kind,but do not show what the exact
number is;as,
[ All,some,no,many,few,most,several,sundry.]
>) All men are mortal.
>) Some men die young.
>) No man went there.
>) Many men ar poor.
>) Few men are rich.
>) Most girls like dolls.
>) Several boys came.
>) Sundry men came to see me.
68) Demostrative Adjectives point out which persons or things are meant.
[The word Demonstrative means'pointing out'.]
>) This man is braver than Bali.
>) That boy is lazy.
>) These mangoes are sweet.
>) Those mangoes are sour.
>) Such men are dangerous.
>) Yonder house is mine.
NOTE:--(1) Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question:'Which?'
(2) This and that are used with Singular Nouns;these and those with Plural Nouns.
69. Distributive Adjectives denote that the persons or things named in the sentence are taken singly
,separately or in separate lots.
>) Each man had three sons.
>) Every day has its task.
>) Either pen will do.
>) He took neither side.
NOTE:--(1) The important fact about these words is that they are all in the Singular Number.
(2) Either means a choice between two things only.Neither means no choice between two things.In
other words,either means this one or that one;neither means not this one ad not that one.
70. Interrogative Adjectives are used with Nouns to ask questions;as,
>) Which road leads to the station?
>) What kind os man is he?
>) Whose pen is this?
71. Emphasizing Adjectives are own and very;as,
>) I saw it with my own eyes.
>) This is the very man who killed the snake.
72. What is sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjective;as,
>) What luck!
>) What a piece of work is man!
ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS:--
73. Adjectives are sometimes used as Nouns;as,
(1) Certain Adjectives ,preceded by the,can be used as Nouns in the Plural;as,
>) The rich[=rich people] often hate the poor[=poor people].
>) The righteous[=righteous people] shall flourish.
>) The wicked [=wicked people] shall perish.
>) The blind[=blind people] and the lame[=lame people] deserve our pity.
(2) Some Adjectives ,preceded by the ,denote some abstract quality;as,
>) He admires the good[=goodness]
>) He is a lover of the beautiful[=beauty in general].
>) The future[=futurty] is uncertain.
(3) Some Adjectives actully become Nouns and can be used both in the Singular and in the Plural;as,
Junior,Juniors;.....senior,seniors;.....mortal,mortals;.....inferior,inferiors;
superior,superiors;....elder,elders;....minor,minors;.....Indian,Indians....Italian,Italians.
(4) In certain phrases and idoms the Adjectives are used as Nouns;as,
>) He has left the city for good.
>) I will stand by you through thick and thin.
>) Slow and steady wins the race.
>) Set down your terms in black and white.
>) I intend to do this right or wrong.
>) He is going from bad or worse.
Exercise 14. Pick out the Adjectives in the following sentence,and say to which class each of them
belongs:--
>) The world is a happy place.
>) Lead is a heavy metal.
>) Our school has a large playground.
>) Several women attended the meeting.
>) These grapes are sour.
>) Lazy students fail.
>) Every dog has his day.
>) The cow is a useful animal.
>) The rose is a beautiful flower.
>) He is a man of few words.
>) I called her several times.
>) He did not get many marks.
>) Mind your own business.
>) Man is a wonderful animal.
>) Quinine is bitter,but honey is sweet.
>) Much cry,little wool.
>) It was a glorious victory.
>) Good wine needs no bush.
>) A small lea may sink a great ship.
>) All work no play makes a Jack a dull boy.
>) Empty vessels make much noise.
>) It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
>) A live ass is better than a dead lion.
>) A wise enemy is better that a foolish friend.
>) Neither party is quite right.
>) On either side of the roads tall trees grew.
>) Every citizen must do his duty.
>) Half a loaf is better than no bread.
>) The way was long, the wind was cold.
>) Such people are dangerous.
Exercise 15.Supply suitable Adjectives:--
>) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a ----leader.
>) The horse is a ----animal.
>) What a -----animal the elephant is!
>) India expects---man to do his duty.
>) Which is the---day of the week?
>) Rani is a ----singer...
>) Varanasi is a ---city.
>) Ah! what a -----mistake I made!
>) Which is the--way to the station?
>) We should always drink--water.
>) Swimming is a -----exercise.
>) There is---hope of victory.
>) Shakespeare wrote--plays.
>) Does your watch keep----time?
>) He is man of---words.
>) He has much money but very----sense.
>) This is a very---matter.
>) The---bird cathes the worm.
>) He died a ----death.
>) The rose has a ---scent.
62. An adjective is a word used to qualify(or to add something to the meaning) of a Noun;as,
>) A beautiful girl.
>) This woman.
>) My pen.
>) Some bread.
>) Four boys.
63. Look at the following sentences:---
1. Raman was a brave boy.
2. Raman is brave.
*) In sentence 1, the Adjective brave comes immediately before the Noun it limits.
it is used as an epithet or attribute.It is ,therefore ,said to be used Attributively.
*) In sentence 2, the Adjective brave is used along with the Verb is and form part of the Predicate.
It is,therefore, said to be used Predicatively.
NOTE:--(1) Some Adjectives can be used only Predicatively;as,
>) She is quite well.
>) She is afraid of her mother-in-law.
(2) Adjectives are sometimes used Adverbially;as,
>) Do not talk so loud[=loudly]
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
*) Adjectives are of the following kinds:--
64. Adjectives of Quality (or Descriptive,Adjectives) qualify or describe an object by telling us
of what quality,of what sort,or in what state the object is.
>) Afzal is a lazy boy.
>) He is a good man.
>) He has a black horse.
>) It was a golden opportunity.
>) The English Language is difficult to learn
>) I like the Turkish tobacco.
NOTE:--(1) Sometimes such Adjectives as English,Turkish,etc., which are formed from Proper Nouns are called Proper Adjectives.
(2). Adjectives of Quality answer the question:'Of what kind?'
65. Adjectives of Quantity qualify a Noun by showing the quantity of the thing names.They tell
us how much of a thing is intended.
>) He ate some rice.
>) He did not drink much milk.
>) He ate little bread.
>) HE has enough(or sufficient) bread.
>) He did not eat any bread.
>) He walked all the way(or the whole way) back.
>) Half a loaf is better than no bread.
>) He takes great care of his health.
NOTE:--Adjectives of Quantity answer the question:'How much?'
66. Adjectives of Number(or Numeral Adjectives) denote the number of persons or things named.
They show how many or in what order persons or things are taken.
>) A week has seven days.
>) Few boys like to work hard.
>) Many people think so.
>) All men must one day die.
>) Here are some pictures of you.
>) Most boys like to go to the cinema.
>) I warned him several times.
>) January is the first month os the year.
NOTE:--Adjectives of Number answer the question:'How many?' or"In what order?'
67. Adjectives of Number(or Numeral Adjectives) are sub-divided into two main clauses:--
1.Definite. 2.Indefinite.
(1) Definite Numeral Adjectives denote some exact number.Those which show how manythings
there are,are called Cardinals;as,
>) One,two,three,four,five,six,seven,etc.
*) Those which show in what order a thing stands are called Ordinals;as,
>) First,second,third,fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,etc.
(2) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives denote number of some kind,but do not show what the exact
number is;as,
[ All,some,no,many,few,most,several,sundry.]
>) All men are mortal.
>) Some men die young.
>) No man went there.
>) Many men ar poor.
>) Few men are rich.
>) Most girls like dolls.
>) Several boys came.
>) Sundry men came to see me.
68) Demostrative Adjectives point out which persons or things are meant.
[The word Demonstrative means'pointing out'.]
>) This man is braver than Bali.
>) That boy is lazy.
>) These mangoes are sweet.
>) Those mangoes are sour.
>) Such men are dangerous.
>) Yonder house is mine.
NOTE:--(1) Demonstrative Adjectives answer the question:'Which?'
(2) This and that are used with Singular Nouns;these and those with Plural Nouns.
69. Distributive Adjectives denote that the persons or things named in the sentence are taken singly
,separately or in separate lots.
>) Each man had three sons.
>) Every day has its task.
>) Either pen will do.
>) He took neither side.
NOTE:--(1) The important fact about these words is that they are all in the Singular Number.
(2) Either means a choice between two things only.Neither means no choice between two things.In
other words,either means this one or that one;neither means not this one ad not that one.
70. Interrogative Adjectives are used with Nouns to ask questions;as,
>) Which road leads to the station?
>) What kind os man is he?
>) Whose pen is this?
71. Emphasizing Adjectives are own and very;as,
>) I saw it with my own eyes.
>) This is the very man who killed the snake.
72. What is sometimes used as an Exclamatory Adjective;as,
>) What luck!
>) What a piece of work is man!
ADJECTIVES USED AS NOUNS:--
73. Adjectives are sometimes used as Nouns;as,
(1) Certain Adjectives ,preceded by the,can be used as Nouns in the Plural;as,
>) The rich[=rich people] often hate the poor[=poor people].
>) The righteous[=righteous people] shall flourish.
>) The wicked [=wicked people] shall perish.
>) The blind[=blind people] and the lame[=lame people] deserve our pity.
(2) Some Adjectives ,preceded by the ,denote some abstract quality;as,
>) He admires the good[=goodness]
>) He is a lover of the beautiful[=beauty in general].
>) The future[=futurty] is uncertain.
(3) Some Adjectives actully become Nouns and can be used both in the Singular and in the Plural;as,
Junior,Juniors;.....senior,seniors;.....mortal,mortals;.....inferior,inferiors;
superior,superiors;....elder,elders;....minor,minors;.....Indian,Indians....Italian,Italians.
(4) In certain phrases and idoms the Adjectives are used as Nouns;as,
>) He has left the city for good.
>) I will stand by you through thick and thin.
>) Slow and steady wins the race.
>) Set down your terms in black and white.
>) I intend to do this right or wrong.
>) He is going from bad or worse.
Exercise 14. Pick out the Adjectives in the following sentence,and say to which class each of them
belongs:--
>) The world is a happy place.
>) Lead is a heavy metal.
>) Our school has a large playground.
>) Several women attended the meeting.
>) These grapes are sour.
>) Lazy students fail.
>) Every dog has his day.
>) The cow is a useful animal.
>) The rose is a beautiful flower.
>) He is a man of few words.
>) I called her several times.
>) He did not get many marks.
>) Mind your own business.
>) Man is a wonderful animal.
>) Quinine is bitter,but honey is sweet.
>) Much cry,little wool.
>) It was a glorious victory.
>) Good wine needs no bush.
>) A small lea may sink a great ship.
>) All work no play makes a Jack a dull boy.
>) Empty vessels make much noise.
>) It is an ill wind that blows nobody any good.
>) A live ass is better than a dead lion.
>) A wise enemy is better that a foolish friend.
>) Neither party is quite right.
>) On either side of the roads tall trees grew.
>) Every citizen must do his duty.
>) Half a loaf is better than no bread.
>) The way was long, the wind was cold.
>) Such people are dangerous.
Exercise 15.Supply suitable Adjectives:--
>) Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was a ----leader.
>) The horse is a ----animal.
>) What a -----animal the elephant is!
>) India expects---man to do his duty.
>) Which is the---day of the week?
>) Rani is a ----singer...
>) Varanasi is a ---city.
>) Ah! what a -----mistake I made!
>) Which is the--way to the station?
>) We should always drink--water.
>) Swimming is a -----exercise.
>) There is---hope of victory.
>) Shakespeare wrote--plays.
>) Does your watch keep----time?
>) He is man of---words.
>) He has much money but very----sense.
>) This is a very---matter.
>) The---bird cathes the worm.
>) He died a ----death.
>) The rose has a ---scent.
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