THE NOUN:THE CASE
44. Read the following sentences:---
(1). The king killed the lion.
(2). He bought a silver watch.
(3).The lion was killed by the king.
*)In sentence 1. ,the Noun king is the Subject of the verb killed.
*)In sentence 2..the Pronoun he is the Subject of the verb bought.
*)In sentence 3.,the Noun lion is the Subject of the Verb was killed.
The Nouns king,lion and the Pronoun he which form the Subject of a Verb are said to be in the Nominative Case.
Any Noun(or Pronoun) that is the Subject of a Verb is said to be in the Nominative Case.
NOTE:--We can always find the Nominative in a sentence by putting Who? or What? before the Verb,Who killed the lion? The king.Who bought a silver watch? He . What was killed by the king? The lion.
45. Read the following sentences:--
(1) The policeman caught the thief.
(2) Bali killed him.
(3) The book is on the table.
(4) I arrived before her.
*) In sentence 1. the Noun thief is the Object of the Verb Caught.
*) In sentence 2. the Pronoun him is the Object of the Verb killed.
*) In sentence 3. the Noun table is the Object of the Preposition on
*) In sentence 4. the Pronoun her is the Object of the Preposition before.
"Thief" and" him" which form the Object of a Verb are said to be in the Objective(or Accusative) Case. "Table" and "her" which are governed by a Preposition are also said to be in the Objective Case.
Any Noun(or Pronoun) that is the Object of a Verb or is governed by a Preposition is said to be in the Objective(or Accusative) Case.
NOTE:-To find the Accusative Case put Whom? or What? before the Verb and its Subject.
*) Whom did the policeman catch?The thief.
*) Whom did Bali kill? Him.
46.Examine the following sentences:--
(1) This is Ashok's book.
(2) Raman's pen is broken.
*) In sentence 1, Ashok's answers the questions'whose book'? 'who is the Possessor?' and is said to be in the Genitive (or Possessive) Case.Similarly,
*) Raman's is in the Possessive Case.
The Possessive answers the question---Whose?
FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE:-
47. The Possessive Case of a Singular Noun is formed by adding 's;as,
*) The girl's pen;
*) The horse's tail;
*) The king's palace.
48. The Possessive Case of a Plural Noun end in 's' is formed by adding the apostrophe(')only;as,
*) Boys' books;
*) Birds' nests;
*) Horses' tails;.
49. The Possessive Case of Plural Noun not ending in 's' is fomed by adding's;as,
*) Men's faces;
*) Children's books;
*) Mice's tails;
*) Women's work.
50. The Possessive Case of Singular Nouns is formed by adding the apostrophe only where too many hissing sounds come together;as,
*) Moses' laws;..for conscience' sake;...for righteousness' sake; for justice' sake.
51. When several Nouns are taken together the Possessive sign is used with the last one only;as,
*) Mr Smith,the chemist's shop.
*) The Chairman of the Committee's report.
*) The Government of India's declaration.
*) My father-in-law's house.
*) Huntley and Gardiner's biscuits.
CORRECT USAGE:--
52.(Cathedral,house,school,shop) are sometimes omitted after a Noun in the Possessive Case;as,
>) The prayer for the Queen's life was held at St.Paul's[cathedral].
>) He goes to St.Stephen's[school].
>) I saw her at E.Plomer's[shop].
>) I think there is a baker's[shop] next to butcher's[shop].
53. Mark the distinction between;--
(1) A picture of the King[= a picture presenting the likeness of the King].
(2) A picture of the King's[=a picture of which the King is owner].
54. Note the following:---
*) A friend of Ashok's was on the train.
*) A friend of Ashok's implies that Ashok has more than one friend;Ashok's friend would refer to Ashok's only friend or to a friend previously mentioned.
USE OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE:--
55.The Possessive Case is now used chiefly with Nouns denoting living beings;as,
>) Mohan's pen;
>) The tiger's claws,
>) The bird's nest.
*) So we must say:---
>) The roof of the house[not,the house's roof].
>) The door of the cottage[not,the cottage's door].
56.The Possessive Case is also used with Nouns denoting personified things;as,
>) Fortune's favourite
>) Nature's laws;
>) Duty's call;
>) Sorrow's tears.
57.The Possessive Case is also used with Nouns denoting time,space,weight;as,
>) A day's work
>) A month's holiday
>) A few minutes' rest
>) A hair's breadth
>) A stone's throw
>) A metre's length
>) A ton's weight
>) A kilogram's weight.
58. The Possessive is also used in a few familiar phrases;as,
>) Out of harm's way.
>) At his wit's end.
>) At arm's length.
>) At his finger's crew.
>) His heart's content.
>) For mercy's sake.
>) The journey's end.
>) The boat's crew.
*) The Vocative Case (Nominative of Address)
59. Read the following sentences:---
>) Listen to me,Jack.
>) O Death, where is thy sting?
>) Where are you wandering,my pretty maid?
In these sentences,Jack,Death,maid are the names of the persons or things spoken to or addressed. They are,therefore ,said to be in the Vocative Case.
The Vocative Case(Nominative of ADDRESS) is the case of the person or thing addressed.
THE DATIVE CASE:---
60. Look carefully at the following sentences:----
>) He gave Sheila a pen.
>) He bought John a watch.
>) He told her a story.
*) To whom did he give a pen? To Sheila.
*) For whom did he buy a watch? For John.
*) Whom did he tell a story? Her.
>) The words Sheila,John,her which are Indirect Objects are said to be in the Dative Case.
>) A Noun or Pronoun is in the Dative Case when it forms the Indirect Objects of a Verb
NOTE:--To find the Dative Case ,ask the question 'To Whom?' or 'For whom?'
Exercise 13. Correct the following sentences:---
>) Call at Smith's the chemist.
>) The National Anthem is Rabindra nath Tagore,one of the great poets of India's.
>) The street's width is insufficient.
>) The table's legs are broken.
>) The house's roof fell down.
>) The firm you so much admire is Jack's,John's and William's
>) It was his mother's sister's son's house.
>) I have seen Tagore's , the poet's paintings.
>) This house is of my fater.
>) These are the children's clothes who are bathing.
NOUNS IN APPOSITION:--
61. Read the follwing sentence:---
>) Asoka, the great king,ruled wisely.
We see that Asoka and king refer to one and the some person.The noun king follows the noun Asoka simply to describe Asoka.
When one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the noun which comes before it.
[Apposition means placing near].
A Noun or Pronoun which stands in apposition to a Noun or Pronoun agrees with it in case:
>) I, your father,forbid it.( Nominative Case)
>) Do you dare to disobey me,your father?( Accusative Case)
44. Read the following sentences:---
(1). The king killed the lion.
(2). He bought a silver watch.
(3).The lion was killed by the king.
*)In sentence 1. ,the Noun king is the Subject of the verb killed.
*)In sentence 2..the Pronoun he is the Subject of the verb bought.
*)In sentence 3.,the Noun lion is the Subject of the Verb was killed.
The Nouns king,lion and the Pronoun he which form the Subject of a Verb are said to be in the Nominative Case.
Any Noun(or Pronoun) that is the Subject of a Verb is said to be in the Nominative Case.
NOTE:--We can always find the Nominative in a sentence by putting Who? or What? before the Verb,Who killed the lion? The king.Who bought a silver watch? He . What was killed by the king? The lion.
45. Read the following sentences:--
(1) The policeman caught the thief.
(2) Bali killed him.
(3) The book is on the table.
(4) I arrived before her.
*) In sentence 1. the Noun thief is the Object of the Verb Caught.
*) In sentence 2. the Pronoun him is the Object of the Verb killed.
*) In sentence 3. the Noun table is the Object of the Preposition on
*) In sentence 4. the Pronoun her is the Object of the Preposition before.
"Thief" and" him" which form the Object of a Verb are said to be in the Objective(or Accusative) Case. "Table" and "her" which are governed by a Preposition are also said to be in the Objective Case.
Any Noun(or Pronoun) that is the Object of a Verb or is governed by a Preposition is said to be in the Objective(or Accusative) Case.
NOTE:-To find the Accusative Case put Whom? or What? before the Verb and its Subject.
*) Whom did the policeman catch?The thief.
*) Whom did Bali kill? Him.
46.Examine the following sentences:--
(1) This is Ashok's book.
(2) Raman's pen is broken.
*) In sentence 1, Ashok's answers the questions'whose book'? 'who is the Possessor?' and is said to be in the Genitive (or Possessive) Case.Similarly,
*) Raman's is in the Possessive Case.
The Possessive answers the question---Whose?
FORMATION OF POSSESSIVE CASE:-
47. The Possessive Case of a Singular Noun is formed by adding 's;as,
*) The girl's pen;
*) The horse's tail;
*) The king's palace.
48. The Possessive Case of a Plural Noun end in 's' is formed by adding the apostrophe(')only;as,
*) Boys' books;
*) Birds' nests;
*) Horses' tails;.
49. The Possessive Case of Plural Noun not ending in 's' is fomed by adding's;as,
*) Men's faces;
*) Children's books;
*) Mice's tails;
*) Women's work.
50. The Possessive Case of Singular Nouns is formed by adding the apostrophe only where too many hissing sounds come together;as,
*) Moses' laws;..for conscience' sake;...for righteousness' sake; for justice' sake.
51. When several Nouns are taken together the Possessive sign is used with the last one only;as,
*) Mr Smith,the chemist's shop.
*) The Chairman of the Committee's report.
*) The Government of India's declaration.
*) My father-in-law's house.
*) Huntley and Gardiner's biscuits.
CORRECT USAGE:--
52.(Cathedral,house,school,shop) are sometimes omitted after a Noun in the Possessive Case;as,
>) The prayer for the Queen's life was held at St.Paul's[cathedral].
>) He goes to St.Stephen's[school].
>) I saw her at E.Plomer's[shop].
>) I think there is a baker's[shop] next to butcher's[shop].
53. Mark the distinction between;--
(1) A picture of the King[= a picture presenting the likeness of the King].
(2) A picture of the King's[=a picture of which the King is owner].
54. Note the following:---
*) A friend of Ashok's was on the train.
*) A friend of Ashok's implies that Ashok has more than one friend;Ashok's friend would refer to Ashok's only friend or to a friend previously mentioned.
USE OF THE POSSESSIVE CASE:--
55.The Possessive Case is now used chiefly with Nouns denoting living beings;as,
>) Mohan's pen;
>) The tiger's claws,
>) The bird's nest.
*) So we must say:---
>) The roof of the house[not,the house's roof].
>) The door of the cottage[not,the cottage's door].
56.The Possessive Case is also used with Nouns denoting personified things;as,
>) Fortune's favourite
>) Nature's laws;
>) Duty's call;
>) Sorrow's tears.
57.The Possessive Case is also used with Nouns denoting time,space,weight;as,
>) A day's work
>) A month's holiday
>) A few minutes' rest
>) A hair's breadth
>) A stone's throw
>) A metre's length
>) A ton's weight
>) A kilogram's weight.
58. The Possessive is also used in a few familiar phrases;as,
>) Out of harm's way.
>) At his wit's end.
>) At arm's length.
>) At his finger's crew.
>) His heart's content.
>) For mercy's sake.
>) The journey's end.
>) The boat's crew.
*) The Vocative Case (Nominative of Address)
59. Read the following sentences:---
>) Listen to me,Jack.
>) O Death, where is thy sting?
>) Where are you wandering,my pretty maid?
In these sentences,Jack,Death,maid are the names of the persons or things spoken to or addressed. They are,therefore ,said to be in the Vocative Case.
The Vocative Case(Nominative of ADDRESS) is the case of the person or thing addressed.
THE DATIVE CASE:---
60. Look carefully at the following sentences:----
>) He gave Sheila a pen.
>) He bought John a watch.
>) He told her a story.
*) To whom did he give a pen? To Sheila.
*) For whom did he buy a watch? For John.
*) Whom did he tell a story? Her.
>) The words Sheila,John,her which are Indirect Objects are said to be in the Dative Case.
>) A Noun or Pronoun is in the Dative Case when it forms the Indirect Objects of a Verb
NOTE:--To find the Dative Case ,ask the question 'To Whom?' or 'For whom?'
Exercise 13. Correct the following sentences:---
>) Call at Smith's the chemist.
>) The National Anthem is Rabindra nath Tagore,one of the great poets of India's.
>) The street's width is insufficient.
>) The table's legs are broken.
>) The house's roof fell down.
>) The firm you so much admire is Jack's,John's and William's
>) It was his mother's sister's son's house.
>) I have seen Tagore's , the poet's paintings.
>) This house is of my fater.
>) These are the children's clothes who are bathing.
NOUNS IN APPOSITION:--
61. Read the follwing sentence:---
>) Asoka, the great king,ruled wisely.
We see that Asoka and king refer to one and the some person.The noun king follows the noun Asoka simply to describe Asoka.
When one noun follows another to describe it, the noun which follows is said to be in apposition to the noun which comes before it.
[Apposition means placing near].
A Noun or Pronoun which stands in apposition to a Noun or Pronoun agrees with it in case:
>) I, your father,forbid it.( Nominative Case)
>) Do you dare to disobey me,your father?( Accusative Case)
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