THE NOUN:GENDER:-
19. There are four Genders in English:--
(1) .The names of male animals or persons are said to be of the MASCULINE GENDER;as,man,boy,lion,hero,king,father.
(2).The names of female animals or persons are said to be of the FEMININE GENDER; as,women,girl,lioness,heroine,queen,mother.
(3).The names of things which indicate either the masculine or the feminine are
said to be of
the COMMON GENDER;as,baby,child,cousin,servant,parent,friend,pupil,person,student,orphan,monarch,relation,teacher,deer,sheep,calf,neighbour.
(4).The names of things that are neither male nor female(i.e.,things without life) are said to be of Neuter Gender;as,...book,lable,chair,tree,pen,stone.
[Neuter means neither,i.e,. neither male nor female.]
WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE OF NOUNS
20.There are three ways of forming the Feminine of Nouns:--
1.By a change of word
*)Masculine :- *)Feminine:-
>Bachelor >maid,spinster
[Neuter means neither,i.e,. neither male nor female.]
WAYS OF FORMING THE FEMININE OF NOUNS
20.There are three ways of forming the Feminine of Nouns:--
1.By a change of word
*)Masculine :- *)Feminine:-
>Bachelor >maid,spinster
>Boar >sow
>Boy >girl
>Brother >sister
>Buck >doe
>Bull(or ox) >cow
>Bullock >heifer
>Cock >hen
>Colt >filly
>Dog >bitch
>Drake >duck
>Drone >bee
>Earl >countess
>Father >mother
>Gander >goose
>Gentleman >lady
>Hart >roe
>Horse >mare
>Husband >wife
>King >queen
>Lord >lady
>Man >woman
>Monk(or friar) >nun
>Nephew >niece
>Papa >mamma
>Ram >ewe
>Sir >madam
>Son >daughter
>Stag >hind
>Swain >nymph
>Uncle >aunt
>Wizard >witch
2.By Adding -ess to the Masculine
(1) The following Feminines are formed by simply adding -ess to the Masculine:--
*)Masculine *)Feminine
>Author >authoress
>Baron >baroness
>Count >countess
>Giant >giantess
>Heir >heiress
>Host >hostess
>Jew >jewess
>Lion >lioness
>Manager >manageress
>Mayor >mayoress
>Patron >patroness
>Peer >peeress
>Poet >poetress
>Priest >priestess
>Prophet >prophetess
>Shepherd >shepherdess
>Steward >stewardess
>Viscount >viscountess
(2)The followng Feminines are formed by adding -ess to the Masculine,after omitting thevowel of the last syllable of the Masculine:--
*)Masculine *)Feminine
>Actor >actress
>Ambassador >ambassadress
>Benefactor >benefactress
>Conductor >conductress
>Emperor >empress
>Enchanter >enchantress
>Founder >foundress
>Governer >governess
>Hunter >huntress
>Inspector >inspectress
>Instructor >instructress
>Negro >negress
>Prince >princess
>Songster >songstress
>Sorcerer >sorceress
>Tempter >temptress
>Tiger >tigeress
>Traitor >traitress
>Waiter >waitress
(3) By adding -ess to the Masculine in a less regular way:--
*)Masculine *)Feminine
>Abbot >abbess
>Duke >duchess
>God >goddess
>Lad >lass
>Master(boy) >miss(girl)
>Mr >Mrs
>Marquis >marchioness
>Schoolmaster >schoolmistress
>Beggar-man (Masculine)
>beggar-woman (Feminine)
>Bull-calf
>cow-calf
>Cock-sparrow
>hen-sparrow
>He-goat
>she-goat
>Grandfather
>grandmother
>Greatuncle
>greataunt
>Landlord
>landlady
>Man-servant
>maid-servant
>Milkman
>milkmaid
>Merman
>mermaid
>Peacock
>peahen
>Washerman
>washerwoman
21.Study the following Masculines and Feminines:--
>Administrator (Masculine)
>Sultan
21.Study the following Masculines and Feminines:--
>Administrator (Masculine)
>Administratrix (Feminine)
>Bridegroom
>bride
>Czar
>czarina
>Executor
>executrix
>Fox
>vixen
>Hero
>heroine
>Prosecutor
>prosecutrix
>Signor
>signora
>Sultan
>sultana
>Testator
>testatrix
>Viceroy
>vicereine
>Widower
>widow
22.collective Nouns,even when they denote living beings,are considered to be of the Neuter Gender;as,
*) The jury has given its verdict.
*) The committee has changed its opinion.
23.Animals and young children may be either distinguished by their sex or regarded as of neither sex and spoken of in the Neuter Gender.When speaking of a very young child we may say---
*) The child knows his(or her)own mind. Or
*) The child knows its own mind.
But it is ridiculous to say---
*)Look at John.How merrily it is playing!
We must say---
22.collective Nouns,even when they denote living beings,are considered to be of the Neuter Gender;as,
*) The jury has given its verdict.
*) The committee has changed its opinion.
23.Animals and young children may be either distinguished by their sex or regarded as of neither sex and spoken of in the Neuter Gender.When speaking of a very young child we may say---
*) The child knows his(or her)own mind. Or
*) The child knows its own mind.
But it is ridiculous to say---
*)Look at John.How merrily it is playing!
We must say---
*)Look at John.How merrily he is playing!
24.Gender of Personified Objects.Sometimes objects without life are spoken of as if they were persons.They are regarded as males or females.
(1) Things remarkable for strength,firmness,or energy are regarded as males;as,the Sun,Time,Death,Winter,Summer,Thunder,Ocean.
*) Then the sun shot his bright rays.
*) Death always knows his victim.
(2) Things remarkable for beauty,gracefulness,gentleness are regarded as females;as,the Moon,Earth,Nature,Spring,Hope,Virtue,Charity,Mercy,Faith,Peace.
24.Gender of Personified Objects.Sometimes objects without life are spoken of as if they were persons.They are regarded as males or females.
(1) Things remarkable for strength,firmness,or energy are regarded as males;as,the Sun,Time,Death,Winter,Summer,Thunder,Ocean.
*) Then the sun shot his bright rays.
*) Death always knows his victim.
(2) Things remarkable for beauty,gracefulness,gentleness are regarded as females;as,the Moon,Earth,Nature,Spring,Hope,Virtue,Charity,Mercy,Faith,Peace.
*)The moon shed her light on the bank.
*)Spring has her own charms and delights.
*)Love Virtue;she slone is free.
*)Peace hath her victories no less renowned than war.
NOTE:--A ship is always spoken of as she;as,
*) The ship fought her way through the stormy waves.
Exercise 9.Rewrite the following sentences changing the Gender of the Nouns and making other necessary changes:--
1. His mother took him to the Zoo where he had a look at the lions,tigers,stags,rams, and the peacocks.
NOTE:--A ship is always spoken of as she;as,
*) The ship fought her way through the stormy waves.
Exercise 9.Rewrite the following sentences changing the Gender of the Nouns and making other necessary changes:--
1. His mother took him to the Zoo where he had a look at the lions,tigers,stags,rams, and the peacocks.
2. The negro accompanied by his wife and daughters came to the king's palace.
3. The poet,the priest, and the Prophet are always inspired by a high deal.
4. The count married a rich heiress, a lass of fifteen, who was a jewess by birth.
5. The Duke called the hunter to his presence and asked him how he had caught the tiger.
6. The ways of the temper,the enchanter,the wizard, and the sorcerer are the same.
7. The prince declared that author had been his sole benefactor.
8. The abbot declared that the waiter was a traitor and murderer.
9. The Mayor was the patron of art and learning.
10. This shepherd once acted as a host to the Marquis.
11. His uncle is a widower and his brother is a bachelor.
12. The landlady accompanied by her maidservants went to the temple to pray to the goddess for her husband's speedy return.
13. The conductor led the king his wife to the emperor.
14. When the queen saw her father she alighted from her horse and knelt before him.
15. The monk played the part of the hero.
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